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How Much Hosting Is Enough?

When people look into hosting they are overwhelmed on how much space and bandwidth is available and at the prices.  This leads to confusion for how much one needs and many times people will over spend on the actual hosting they really need.

So we are here today to talk about how to rationalize what you exactly need in web hosting.  After reading this you will be able to purchase a package that is inline in what you need.

First figure out how large your site will be.  When you build your first site it will be smaller than you first thought.  I know you want to place video and graphics on your site.  But be realistic in web hosting first making those are harder than you can imagine and second you don’t want to make your website so big it is hard for people to download. Remember there are many on the internet still not on fast access.  Your website at biggest will probably be under 500k.  So purchasing 10 Megs worth of space would be plenty.

Now think of how many visitors you are going to get.  Most people would love a 1,000 people a month at first.  This is extremely difficult but obtainable by people that are good in the field.  Then all you need to do is take your site size and multiply that by a 1,000 and you have your bandwidth. 
I’m assuming it is a lot less than you ever imagined.  Now you can overlook those larger packages that you will not need when starting off.  Purchasing enough for the start and for some small expansion will be enough and you can upgrade with time. 

Great and reliable Domain Names and Reseller Web Hosting 

Tags: bandwidth, Hosting, space

How Does Newspapers Get News From All Over The World

It is a day written in gold for all Indians. An Indian shooter has reached the finals of an Olympic. Every Indian is eagerly awaiting the finals to begin, to encourage, to share, the joy of watching an Indian winning Olympic gold medal for the first time in history. His success will be the headline news in India. It will probably make the front-page of all Indian new papers both regional and national. The editors have a choice on how to cover the match. They can rely on various new-agencies and/or they can send their own sports reporter and a staff photographer to cover the event live. The editors decide to fly out their own team. The reporters and photographers arrive in Beijing well ahead of the event. This enables them to prepare reports on the finalists to build-up interest in the competition. The match is due to start. The results will be out soon. The reporters and photographers have to send their reports and photographs within the deadline prescribed. The press box is busy. The reporters can type their copy into their portable word processor. Their laptop is a remote terminal of their papers main computer. When their stories are complete, the reporters simply attaches the audio coupler or adapter to the telephones, key the number of their newspaper, and the text is sent along the wires directly into their computers thousands of kilometers away. A 2000-word article is sent in less than a minute. The final of the shooting competition ends in a brilliant and sensational victory for the Indian. In addition to their reports already sent, the reporters will now interview the winner. The photographers request other international news agencies for picture-transmission equipment. The photographers processes their films and then feeds the best negative into a transmitter. This dispatches the image along a telephone line which emerges as high-quality duplicate negatives back in their respective newspaper computers. After interviewing the shooter, the reporters prepare their final copy, rearranging and correcting the text on the laptop VDU (visual display unit) screen and transmits their follow-up article. This gives more details and visuals than is found in the news-breaking television, radio, and print reports. This final report contains additional information on the champion’s future prospects, his family background, his other interests, and an account of his lifestyle. Front-page Article The respective sports editors at various newspaper offices access the report on their desktop screen. As per their discussions earlier at an editorial meeting, the report will be the sports page lead. There will also be a front-page news item adapted from the main article which also the editor can access on his own screen. The subeditor then checks, corrects, and adjusts it to fit the space allocated on the page by the sports editor. The subeditor can access on his screen an image of the whole page showing all the other stories, headlines, and pictures plus advertisements that have already been set. The subeditor knows exactly what space there is, as the editor has already chosen the picture that will illustrate the article. The draft is now finally edited on screen to fit the space and an apt headline written to fit the picture and article. If needed, a picture caption is also written by the subeditor. Now all copy for the first edition must be set in type to meet the deadline. This is done up with all the other copy for conversion into type by a high-speed phototypesetting machine. A 2000-word article is typeset in less than a minute. The typesetter produces a ‘bromide’ (a print of the type on photographic paper) for positioning on the page according to the approved layout. This can be done by using the computer. There are many newspapers that still prefer to physically cut up the bromides and paste them into position on a page-size card. The subeditor rechecks the article and picture and makes sure that no mistakes have happened before or during typesetting. When all is set and ready (text, headlines, pictures, layout, and design) the complete page is photographed and a film negative (a large black and white film) generated from which the printing plates (plastic-coated zinc or aluminium printing plates) for the presses are made. The drafts are circulated by the sports editor and the editor. Once the pages have been approved, and checked by the proofreaders, they are taken to the printing department. Now, the final reports are ready to be photographically transferred to plastic-coated zinc or aluminium printing plates. The plates pickup the images in ink and transfer them to the paper. The papers are now ready for distribution. The papers should reach the customers well in time. The success here is determined by the speed at which the newspapers distribute their copies to their readers. To help them achieve this, they first distribute the first edition to the far-flung areas and then to the nearer areas. These latter editions may look a bit different from the earlier editions as a result of fresh news breaking out which may in turn claim space on the front page. All the newspapers in India are sold out the next morning. As Indians are enjoying and discussing their country’s first Olympic gold medal, quoting from various newspaper articles and pictures, the sports reporters and photographers are awaiting their next assignment from their editors. For these reporters and photographers their day is yet to begin.

Tags: advertisements, Articles, black-and-white film, bromide, copy, draft, Editors, film negative, front-page, headlines, illustrate, news, newspapers, paper, papers, photographers, picture caption, pictures, PR, printing plates, reporters, reports, space, sports, typeset

Arthur Kantrowitz, Founding Father of Laser Propulsion

On November 29, 2009, in New York City, in age of 95 passed away Arthur Kantrowitz. Kantrowitz will be always remembered among most prominent American scientists of past century as a founder of Avco Everett Research Labs, professor of Dartmouth College, holder of numerous patents (from medicine to space) and supporter of Science Court. However, in this short note I would like to say a few words about one of his greatest contributions, which he made for us all and for future generations: the founding of laser propulsion.

Laser Propulsion is a part of rocket science, but dont be discouraged by a silly tag: the idea is simple. We pay on average $10,000 per every pound of payload delivered to low earth orbit. Why that much? Because, we use very inefficient carriers: chemical rockets. These hydrogen gluttons have to carry everything onboard: fuel, oxidizer, cryogenics, tanks, lines, you name it, leaving a small (and very expensive room) for the payload. If we could only find a way to separate the energy source from the vehicle, deliver that energy to the vehicle from some power station, the gain in efficiency of such vehicle will be tremendous.

The energy can be delivered with powerful laser beams! Believe it or not, the original idea was published in 1924 by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the space scientist and great visionary, who preceded his own times for at least on half-century. Tsiolkovsky pointed out that energy can be delivered to a space rocket by means of tight light beams (laser was invented 35 years later). The idea of light-beaming energy to a rocket that could be just a dream in 1924, was refined, formulated and delivered by Arthur Kantrowitz as a precise scientific concept of laser propuslion.

In 1972 Arthur Kantrowitz published in Astronautics and Aeronautics Propulsion to Orbit by Ground Based Lasers, a scientific paper which started a new field: laser propulsion. In this paper Kantrowitz proposed to change our very approach to space launches: instead of building larger (and even less energy-efficient rockets), start using high-power lasers for space launches of small satellites. Such satellites would literally straddle the tip of laser beam, focused on their propellant area. When high power laser beam is focused (even loosely) on a solid matter, such matter is evaporated and ionized almost instantaneously, i.e. the release of energy is much higher than one used from burning hydrogen in rockets. So, laser-driven vehicle will be still flying on the same rocket principle, but exhaust energy and structural lightness will be incomparably superior to hydrogen-burning rockets.

Driven by laser rocket will be composed of very light focusing mirrors, relatively small (energy efficient) solid propellant and, voila: the rest will be payload! Forget heavy liquefied gases (oxygen and hydrogen), cryogenics, fuel tanks and lines, combustion chambers, etc.: Payload, Propellant and Photons, Period! Arthur Kantrowitz called it 4P Rule. Bottom line: scientifically sound calculations have shown that the price of one pound of a payload delivered to low earth orbit will be drop to $100. Laser propulsion offers 100-fold, revolutionary savings on space deliveries.

The paper of Dr. Kantrowitz from 1972 marked the beginning of a new scientific quest. In early seventies Kantrowitz has initiated first research program on laser propulsion at Avco-Everett Research Labs, which for over a decade was the only research program in this field in the world. Later other projects ensued, first laser-propelled vehicles were launched (not into space yet, but high enough to prove the viability of an idea), other countries (Russia, Japan, Germany, China) and hundreds of scientists and engineers joined the quest for laser propulsion (and other forms of beamed-energy propulsion, such as microwave propulsion). However, we should always remember one man who started it all: Arthur Kantrowitz, the father of laser propulsion.

Tags: advanced space propulsion, beamed-energy propulsion, Computers & Technology, laser propulsion, science, space, space propuslion, space science, space technology, technology